四合木茎插穗生根的解剖学研究

采用石蜡制片法对四合木茎插穗不定根的形成进行了解剖学研究,探讨四合木生根类型、生根部位、愈伤组织与生根的关系以及不定根的形成过程。结果显示:(1)四合木具有典型的木本植物茎结构,茎皮层内未发现厚壁组织。(2)四合木茎薄壁组织含有丰富的淀粉粒和蛋白质。(3)四合木茎插穗内无潜伏根原基,不定根由诱生根原基发育形成,诱生根原基是由愈伤组织自身的薄壁细胞反分化形成。研究表明,愈伤组织是孕育不定根的前提,四合木扦插生根属于愈伤组织生根类型。     

玉/豆和玉/薯模式下氮肥运筹对玉米氮素利用和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

过量施用氮肥造成的环境问题日益严重,氮肥合理使用已成为人们研究的热点.本文研究了西南玉米两种主要套作模式下氮肥运筹对玉米氮素利用和土壤硝态氮残留的影响.结果表明：连续分带轮作种植玉/豆模式后,玉米收获期植株中的氮素积累较玉/薯模式平均提高了6.1%,氮收获指数增加了5.4%,最终使氮肥利用效率提高4.3%,氮素同化量提高了15.1%,氮肥偏生产力提高了22.6%;玉米收获后硝态氮淋溶损失减少,60～120 cm土层中硝态氮残留玉/豆模式较玉/薯模式降低了10.3%,而0～60 cm土层中平均提高了12.9%,有利于培肥地力,两年产量平均较玉/薯模式高1249 kg·hm^-2,增产22%;增加施氮量提高了植株氮素积累,降低了氮肥利用率,显著提高了表层土壤中硝态氮的累积,60～100 cm土层中硝态氮的累积量在0～270 kg·hm^-2处理间差异不显著,继续增加施氮量会显著增加土壤硝态氮的淋溶;氮肥后移显著提高了土壤0～60 cm土层硝态氮的积累.两种模式下施氮量和底追比对玉米氮素吸收和硝态氮残留的影响结果不一致,玉/豆模式以施氮180～270 kg·hm^-2、按底肥∶拔节肥∶穗肥=3∶2∶5的施肥方式有利于提高玉米植株后期氮素积累、氮收获指数和氮肥利用效率,减少了氮肥损失,两年最高产量平均可达7757 kg·hm^-2;而玉/薯模式在180 kg·hm^-2、按底肥∶穗肥=5∶5的施肥方式下,氮素积累利用及产量均优于其他处理,两年平均产量为6572 kg·hm^-2,可实现两种模式下玉米高产、高效、安全的氮肥管理体系.
     

Do riparian forest fragments provide ecosystem services or disservices in surrounding oil palm plantations?

Agricultural expansion across tropical regions is causing declines in biodiversity and altering ecological processes. However, in some tropical agricultural systems, conserving natural habitat can simultaneously protect threatened species and support important ecosystem services. Oil palm cultivation is expanding rapidly throughout the tropics but the extent to which non-crop habitat supports biodiversity and ecosystem services in these landscapes is poorly documented. We investigated whether riparian forest fragments (riparian reserves) provide a pest control service or increase pest activity (disservice) within oil palm dominated landscapes in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We assessed the activity of potential predators of pest herbivores using plasticine caterpillar mimics and quantified herbivory rates on oil palm fronds in areas with and without riparian reserves. We also manipulated the shape and colour of the mimics to assess the extent to which artificial pest mimics reflect a predatory response. The presence of riparian reserves increased the attack rate on mimics by arthropods, but not by birds. Our methodological study suggested attacks on artificial pest mimics provide a better indication of predatory activity for birds than for arthropod predators. Herbivory rates were also not significantly affected by the presence of a riparian reserve, but we found some evidence that herbivory rates may decrease as the size of riparian reserves increases. Overall, we conclude that riparian forest fragments of 30 – 50 m width on each side of the river are unlikely to provide a pest control service. Nevertheless, our results provide evidence that these riparian buffer strips do not increase the density of defoliating pests, which should reassure managers concerned about possible negative consequences of preserving riparian buffers.     

不同林地清理方式对杉木林土壤肥力的影响

研究了杉木林采伐迹地及采伐后的炼山迹地的土壤物理性质、养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性.结果表明,采伐迹地的非毛管孔隙比杉木林地增加23%,自然含水量和毛管持水量则下降2%;炼山迹地土壤容重比杉木林地增加10%,非毛管孔隙、自然含水量和毛管持水量分别下降61%、48%和26%.采伐迹地有机质、全N、全P和全K含量分别比杉木林地下降14%、14%、3%和22%,炼山迹地分别下降37%、37%、47%和7%.采伐迹地碱解N和有效K含量分别比杉木林地增加24%和31%,有效P含量比杉木林地下降1%;炼山迹地的碱解N、有效P和有效K含量分别比杉木林地下降2%、43%和40%.采伐迹地的细菌、真菌和放线菌数量比杉木林地增加1.4、11.3和0.8倍;炼山迹地细菌数量比杉木林地减少24%,真菌和放线菌数量增加了.0和0.倍.采伐迹地脲酶、过氧化氢酶和纤维素分解酶活性分别为杉木林地1.9、1.6和2.1倍,而炼山迹地分别为后者的3.4%、90%和106%.湿润土壤有机质、全N和全P含量高,疏松多孔的土壤有利于碱解N、速效P、速效K积累和脲酶活性的增加.真菌数量随毛管孔隙的增加而减少.通气良好有利于提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性.     

The Role of White Clover in the Loss of Diversity in Grassland Habitat Restoration

A field experiment was designed to recreate a species‐rich mesotrophic grassland community of conservation worth. Trifolium repens (white clover) was observed to increase significantly in both frequency and abundance in sown plots grazed by cattle, but not in plots cut in June and subsequently grazed by cattle. In both these treatments permanent quadrats containing clover patches were found to be lower in species richness than were quadrats without clover. In both treatments botanical diversity was seen to decline over time. In the grazed‐only treatment the loss of diversity may be linked to the increase in clover. In the cut and grazed plots, T. repens did not become so abundant but diversity was still seen to decline, possibly due to the loss of low growing species from the taller sward. A pot experiment which varied the sowing density of a mix of seven wild flower species in full factorial combination with cutting frequency was established on soils from an arable field also sown with a single density of clover. T. repens was seen to decline from initial high cover estimates in infrequently cut and uncut treatments. In the pot experiment where a grass component to the vegetation was absent, clover was seen to have less impact on the other forbs than it did in the field. It is suggested that, being a nitrogen fixer, T. repens may have a competitive edge in ex‐arable soils low in available nitrogen. The observed reduction in botanical diversity may be a result of this increase in available nitrogen, facilitating the spread of the sown grasses and preventing the recovery of the sown forbs that were excluded by the invasion of T. repens. It is suggested that reducing the proportion of grass in the seed mixtures during grassland habitat creation on these soils may help reduce or delay this effect.     

Hydrology of Dutch Cirsio‐Molinietum meadows: Prospects for restoration

Abstract. Fen meadows (Cirsio dissecti‐Molinietum) are seriously threatened by desiccation, acidification and eutro‐phication. In The Netherlands several projects were launched to restore damaged fen meadows. This review describes how successes and failures of these restoration projects depend on hydrological systems. Six hydrological systems have been distinguished, which all provide the site conditions required by this community. Nowadays, the best developed fen meadows are found in the higher Pleistocene landscape of The Netherlands, where they depend on base‐rich groundwater discharging from local or large groundwater systems. Fen meadows of the lower Holocene landscape usually occur in man‐made surface water systems. Almost all stands have been severely deteriorated. Restoration of fen meadows in the Pleistocene landscape is promising when the hydrology is only slightly disturbed or when hydrological measures are taken in combination with sod cutting. Restoration prospects of fen meadows in the Holocene landscape are low. Until now a complete regeneration of Cirsio‐Molinietum meadows has not been realized. Restoration measures failed to restore high pH values in the top soil. It is hypothesized that viable seeds of many target species lack in the soil seed bank. In addition, the dispersal capacities of these species seem to be limited.     

三角梅扦插育苗技术研究

以三角梅越冬枝条及当年嫩枝作试材,分别对不同植物生长调节剂种类、不同浓度处理、不同直径插条及不同扦插时期的生根效应进行研究。结果表明,NAA、IAA和ABT(生根粉)对插条具有良好的促根作用,其中以NAA 100mg/L浸泡插条基部3h效果最佳,生根率达91.7%。健壮之越冬枝条是三角梅理想的扦插材料,初夏扦插育苗效果较好。     

Fourier transform infrared-spectroscopic characterisation of isolated endodermal cell walls from plant roots: chemical nature in relation to anatomical development

The chemical nature of enzymatically isolated endodermal cell walls from Cicer arietinum L., Clivia miniata Reg. and Iris germanica L. was studied by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy. Observed frequencies were assigned to functional groups present in the cell wall and relative amounts of the biopolymers suberin and lignin, cell wall carbohydrates and proteins were determined. Infrared absorption spectra indicated structural characteristics for the three different developmental states of the isolated endodermal cell wall: primary endodermis with Casparian strips (state I), secondary endodermis with suberin lamellae (state II), and tertiary endodermis with U-shaped cell wall depositions (state III). The data obtained from this study are compared with previous results obtained by chemical degradation of isolated endodermal cell walls and subsequent determination of monomeric degradation products by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. It is concluded that FTIR spectroscopy represents a direct and nondestructive method suitable for the rapid investigation of isolated plant cell walls. Furthermore, the observation that the suberin-assigned absorption bands disappeared after transesterification of the samples with BF₃-methanol confirmed that suberin is completely degraded by this treatment. Received: 20 February 1999 / Accepted: 25 May 1999     

Population dynamics of Gentiana pneumonanthe and Rhynchospora fusca during wet heathland restoration

Abstract. The population dynamics and reproductive strategies of two rare wet heathland species, Gentiana pneumonanthe and Rhynchospora, were studied in experimental permanent plots in a wet heathland near Bremen, NW Germany, to assess how effective sod cutting and mowing are in promoting these species. In one experiment, small plots (0.25 m² - 4 m²) were sod-cut or mown; in the second, one large plot 30 mx 50m) was sod-cut. The development of the vegetation and the number of shoots of the two target species were recorded annually. Sod cutting lead to the highest shoot numbers of Gentiana in the long run, whilst mowing was more effective at the beginning of the experiment. Seedlings and adult shoots slowly became more and more abundant after sod cutting. In contrast, Rhynchospora soon formed closed stands after sod-cutting, first through seed germination and then through fast clonal growth of the established individuals. Moist soil or short inundations promoted the germination and seedling establishment of Gentiana, whereas drought negatively affected seedling recruitment. Long periods of inundation severely reduced the population at first, but high numbers of seedlings were found in the following growing season. For the disturbance-dependent Gentiana and Rhynchospora, the availability of gaps within the vegetation is of crucial importance. To promote existing populations, we suggest small-scale sod cuttings which create gaps without disturbing existing flowering individuals too much. For degenerated stands of wet heathland we recommend large-scale sod cutting to activate the seed bank. Additionally, seed introduction may be helpful to encourage the development of a wet heathland with characteristic floristic composition.